Color chart and scale



March 10.1925.- 1,529,12'5

J.M.ZGOODW|N A COLOR CHART AND SCALE Filed-Oct. 19 1925 2 Sheets-Sheet lai mam/1201 ...IDI-inM.Er:Jx:|CWin March l0. 1925. 1,529,125

v J. M. GOODWIN COLOR CHART AND SCALE Filed Oct. 19, 1923 2 Sheets-Sheet2A Patented Mar. 10, 1925 AUNITE STATES ATENT orifice.

JOHN GOODWIN, 0F WASHINGTON', DISTRICT 0F COLUMBIA, vASSIGNOB OF ONE-HALF T0 GEORGE S. FRASER, 0F WASHINGTON, DISTRICT-0F COLUMBIA.

coton orinar nim scema;

Applicationlled October 19, 1923.v Serial No. 669,608.

To all whom may concern:

Be it known that I, JoHN-M. Goonwm a citizen of the United States,residing at Washington, in thel District of Columbia, have inventedcertain new and useful Improvements in Color Charts-and Scales, of

which the following is a specication.

This invention relates to a device for correctly determining therelation and values of colors.

The primary object of this invention is the provision of ascientifically correct color provision of a color chart of the abovede-y scribed character, which will automatically indicate the variouscolors which may be associated with a predetermined color to give aharmonic color scheme.

A further object of this invention is the provision of a color charthaving various colors depicted thereon, and means associ- 'atedtherewith to determine the colors and proportions of colors to be usedin order to produce a. harmonic scheme; a harmonizing neutral grey; oran acromatic mixture.

A further object of this invention is the provision of a color charthaving various colors so arranged thereon so as to indicate thecolors'ot1 shadows which will be cast by obstructing rays of light of apredetermined color; which indicates the color to-be used in order toproduce cool of warm effects in a color scheme; and which' alsoindicates the colors which may be used in order tol produce thepsychological effect of advancing or receding. l

A .further object of this invention is the provision of a color chart ofthe above mentionedl character by means of which a user may at a glancedetere contrasting cola ors; complementary colors; reciprocal con`trasts; melodizing combinations; lmetrochrome Y values, monochromaticcolor schemes; harmonics inhues; values of col. 55 ors; and neutralizingcolors.

Other objectsland advantages of this invention will be apparent'duringthe course of the following detailed description.

In the accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, andwherein similar reference characters designate correv sponding partsthroughout the severaliviews.

Figure l" is a plan viewof the'preferred arrangement of the color chart.

Fig. 2 is a cross sectional" view taken through the chart illustrated inFigure 1. Fig. 3 is a lan view of a color chart em bodying theundamental principles of this Y invention, showing by way of example thel harmonic colors of a compound colorsch'eliie.

`Fig. 4 is a cross sectional view taken through the chart illustrated inFigure 3, showingcertain structural features which u principally diierthis chart from the chart illustrated in Figure 1.

In order to more thoroughly comprehend the scope of the invention and topermit a thorough understanding of the same it is necessary to brieflydefine certain terminol- -80 ogyv as used in this specificationaccording to the meanin ascribed by color analysts in their scienticcolor nomenclature, and to refer to certain little known psychologicalphenomena relating to colors.v

By a primary color is meant a color that is irstin order'oildevelopment. 'lhe'threeI primary colors referred to on the im rovedchart are the pigment expression o solar spectrum colors, in their fullintensity and 90 normal strength. These primary colors are red, blue,and yellow, and in their pigment colors are im ossible of separationinto any other hue. y two rimary colors mixed will produce a secon acolor. secondary colors mixe will produce a tertiary color. Any ltwotertiary colors mixed will produce Va quaternary color. By a-secondarycom ound color is meant an color which'resu ts from mixing a secon 100 acolor with a primary color. 'v

it metrochrome values is meant the color Any two 9c l whiteliglt issimilar, that is,

measurement value of a hue as ascertained by the metrochrome scale. Themetroc rome scale is based on the color values as demonstrated by themetrochrome instrument. The metrochrome instrument, as known to thoseexperienced in the art to which this invention relates, is a, graduatedseries ofthe three primary pigment color scales, so arranged as torender the reciprocal contrasts, chromatic equivalents and numericalequivalents of any combination of f By thevterm acromatic mixture, ismeant a mixture of colored iuids in such proportions' as will result ina colorless mixture. If we speak of a solution of liquid cobalt,

`a liquid red-gold, anda liquid yellow silver 'ferred to as the screen.Under 'these circumstances any colored light ray projected blended inthe proportions ascribed to them in the metrochrome color scale, thatis,- cobalt, eight parts,

yellow silver, three parts, then we will End that these three coloredliquids when blended in the givenproportonsjwill result in an acromaticmi lture, or in other words, a mixture which has beencompletelyneutralized in color, and which is therefore colorless. A..mixture, inthe proportions given, of eight parts of white light giveblue light rays, live parts of white light give red light rays, andthree parts of white light give yellow light rays. The blending of theseobtained iight ra s in the proportion of eight-parts of blue ight withfive parts "of red light rays', and

three parts. of yellow light rays will give white light. If' a ray ofwhite light is -separated into -its component parts by passing itthrough a risrn, the primary. colors will be found to gre blue eightparts, red ive parts, 'and yellow three parts. Where blue overlapsyellow the. hue becomes green, where yellow overlapsred, the h uebecomes orange, where red overlaps blue the hue becomes 'pu rple.

The three primary7 colors in solar s ectrum rays and in pigment'spectrum co ors resulting from the reflection and absorption of whitelight rays are found to be the `same colors, that is,there are in bothcases;-`blue,

red, and yellow.

'lhe same relative proportions exist betweenall hues of the spectrumcolor and all lilies of pigment dcolors, because pigment colors deriveevery variet of their hue from the diierent' degree in w ich theyreflector absorb the white light rays. 4With this explanation it can be seenthat when certain colored iuids, or rays of colored light are blended ingiven proportions they will ro-4 duce an aromatic or colorless'mixture.his holds true in the production of dyes; chemicals, stained glass,ceramics, glass, and other such operations where a scientific knowledgeof color is of great value.

No colored pigment is entirely trans-' acromatic.

red gold, live parts, andl parent,- therefore, no pigment mixtures areIf. the colors and proportions are selectedthat willproduce an acromaticmixturel in ii'uids, these same colors and proportions will produce aneutral gray pig-- ment mixture, and if -the same colors and proportionsin area are'employed in a color scheme the result will be aharmoniccolor scheme, or in other'wordsit will be a color scheme .with aharmonious or neutralizing effect.

In order to determine thecolorv of any shadow castl by any given coloredlight source, it is necessary to project the predetermined color lightonto ay white intercepting surface upon'which is diffused white light.This intercepting surface maybe reupon the white surface of 'the screenwill casta light of the same color as the colored ray. If now anopaqueobject -is placed in.

opaque object. j This shadow will be a. color which is'the' complementof the projected colorlight. ray. The explanation fior this simple "butcomparatively little known phenomenohgis` thatl a `ray of white lightcontains blue, red, and yellow' light rays, and an opaque object cuttingoli1 al of these colored light rays will cast av shadow with outv colorupon a surface where diiiused light is reflected. If in lace of thewhite light source there is su stituted a blue li ht source their anyopaque object placed etween the blue light source and the white surfacescreen'will' create-a shadow by cuttlng4 outk the projected blue lightraysin silhouette of the opaque body. This silhouette shadow will be thecomplementarycolor of the pro'ected' light rays, or in other words willbe t e color which has not been cut out from the white li ht by theinterposed' opaque ob'ect. O f t e primary colors since theblue lighthas now been cut out yellow rays and red rays remain, and comfined theyproduce an orange colored silhouetted shadow which of the blue light.

Thereis warmth in all light. Rays of light of, different color, however,differ in degrees of warmth, and orange rays of light are the hottestrays in color, Whereasv blue rays are the' coldest rays in color. lnigment, colors present the psychological ellects of warmth or coldnessaccording to the proportion of orange or blue which they include.

By sychological eects rof advancing or receing which different colorsgive is meant the systematic functioning of the mind', whereby' theimpression .on the semis the complement parent shadow color on theshadow sido of than any other color.

: respect to thepurple colored area.

By contrasting colors is meant colors that" the hereinafter describedchart and has the effect of retreating or receding. Purple is the mostreceding color and is nearest in approach lto black. It absorbs morelight than any other color. Yellow on the other i hand is the mostadvancing color and it is the color which nearest approaches white andit is opaque in contra-distinction to the transparent purple. Itreflects more light Another permanent requirement relating to theadvancing or retreating quality of the colors chosen, is.

determined by the location of the selected colors respectively.

The hereinafter described chart is divided into two sections, for thepurpose of selecting advancing or retreating colors, by a diametricallyextending line half-way between the .yellow area and the purple area.All hues lying on the side of the yellow color are more or'lessadvancing in effect according to their position with respect to theyellow colors area. All hues lying on the side of the chart on which thepurple color is depicted are more or less retreating in effect accordingto their position with lie diametrically opposed to each other, on

opposite sides of the center point of thel chart to be hereinafterdescribed. These colors to be contrastingl do not necessarily have to beused in the neutralizing proportions indicated on the metrochrome scale.

Complementary colors are any two colors that when blended in proportionas indicatedon the -metrochrome scale will produce an acromatic liquid,a neutral gray pigment blend, or a neutralized surface color compositionBy reciprocal contrasts is meant Vcolors that are mutuallyinterchangeable, and which represent extremes in contrasted values,powers, and effect. y

yMelodizing combinations are produced by using colors that harmonizethrough bearing resemblance to each other, owing to the fact that one ofthe combined colors contains some proportion of the other color.

A monochromatic color scheme is one in which one hue is employed inycombination ywith its tint, tone, and shade, and accented "by itscomplement. By the term accent is meant giving sparkle or life. Anexample of a monochromatic color scheme would be that ofl yellowin allits shades and tints, accented by its complement purple.

By harmonics in hues is meant the combination of three hues in fixedproportions as will produce a harmonious or neutralizing effect ifspread in surface area; or if blended in pigment will produce a neutral.

gray mixture that will harmonize with the color scheme made up of thethree selected harmonic surface hues.

In the drawings, wherein for purposes of illustration are'shown theforms of this invention the letters A and B may respectively designatethe forms of invention illustrated in Figures l and 3 `of the drawings,each of which includes the member 35 which may be circular. information. Each of the discs 35 for the forms A and B has depictedthereon a triangle 36, preferably equilateral. An outer circle 37 ispreferably concentrically arranged upon the face of the disc 35, justinwardly from the outer periphery 38 of said disc, and into which circlethe points ofthe triangle 36 extend. In the apices of the triangle 36the primary colors blue, red, and yellow are placed, as at 40, 4l and 42respectively,

preferably in the same intensity which they appear in the solarspectrum. These primary colors are thusy triadically arranged on thedisc 35. y l

A second equilateral triangle 44 is preferably disposed on the face ofthe disc 35, of the saine dimensions as thetriangle 36 above mentioned,and in a reversed overlying relation therewith. .The points of thetriangle 44 extend to the scribed circle 37; said points beingequidistant from .adjacent points of the triangle 36. In the apices ofthe triangle 44 it is preferred to place the secondary colors, namely:purple, or' Zange, and green. These secondary -colors which arerespectively designated by numerals 47, 48 and 49 on the triangle 44 arev cooperatively disposed in associated andal ternate relation with theprimary colorsl 40, 41 and 42, and they appear inthe intensity in whichthey appear inthe solar spectrum. Y

It is preferred to provide a central area` 50 on the chart 35,preferably by scribing a circle 51 \concentric with the center of thedisc 35, and within which area may be placed the neutral product of amixture of harmonic colors, such as neutral grey.` .This area, 50,however, -represents the neutral product resulting from the blending |ofany two diametrically opposed colors which ap- 'pear onl the face of thechart disc \35, according to their metrochrome scale values.

lThus, purple in the'proportion of 13 units mixed with yello'w in theproportion of 3 units, in pigment, will blend into neutral used in thesesameproportional surface areas they will produce a neutralizing color.

l composition, or in other words they will other.

Within that area in which the triangles 36 and 44 overlap, it ispreferred to scribe a circle 53, concentric with the circles 37 and 51,which is arranged tangentially with -the sides otthe triangles 36 and44, and within the area between which circles 51 and 53 it is preferredtolplace colors such as secondary compounds, tertiaries, and-quaternaries, as will now be described.V

Circles or arcs of circles are preferably scribed on the face `ofthe'disc 35, which extend through the area between the scribed.concentric circles 51 and 53, and preferably into the areaon thediscoutside o zthe circle 53, as isillustrated in Figure 1 of thedrawings. These arcs or circles 55 are preferably lfsix in number, withtheir centers disposed in yequi-spaced relation upon the circumferenceof the circle 53; the radii of said circles 55 being equal to the radiiof the circle 53. It is thus obvio-us that portions of adjacent circlesor arcs 'will overlap to provide a substantially star shaped arrangementwithin the area on the disc between 'circles 51 and 53. Theseoverlapping areas are, of course, six in number,

with opposed'overlapping areas in diametric alignment with each otherand with the diametrically opposed primary and secondary color areasabove mentioned. The areal 57 formed by the overlapping of circles orarcs 1 55 adjacent the Iarea 40 within .which the blue color isdepicted, has the'tertiary color' olive depicted therein, and which isequidistantly 'positioned from the secondary'` color areas 47 and 49.respectively designated purple and green. A second area `59, which isplaced adjacent the red color area 41, has the tertiary color russetdepicted therein; said russset vcolor being disposed in said area 59equi-distant between the secondary color areas 47 and -48, which de ictrespectively purple and orange. `A t 'rd area 60 is arranged within thecirclef53 adjacent the primary color yellow, which has depicted therein'the terti'ary'colo'r citrine,. which is equi-distantly placed betweenthe secondary color areas 48 and 49, which respectively designate orangeand green. 'Ih a. remainingoverlapping areas 61, 62 and 63 formed by theoverlapping of the circles 5v5 are alternately arranged-with re spect'to the equi-distant areas 57, 59 and 60 within which the tertiary colorsare disposed;vsaid areas 61, 62 and 63 being respectively. disposedadjacent the areas 47, 48 and 4 9 of the `secondary colors, and whichy,have depicted therein quaternary colors. The quaternary color in thearea 61 is that of dark purple, which is of course the product of amixture of the colors depictedin the adjacent tertiary areas -57 and 59,name-v ly,"olive and russet. Similarly the quaternary area 62 hasdepicted therein dark orange, which is the product of a mixture vof thetertiary colors russet and citrine which are disposed in the adjacentareas 59 and 60 respectively. Likewise, the quaternary area 63 has thecolor dark green depicted therein, which is the resultant of the mixtureof the tertiaiycolors citrine and olive which are respectively depictedin the adjacent tertiary areas 60 and 57. This color` chart isessentially a" pigment -spectrum chart, .and all color mixtures me-n- Ytioned and described pertain to pigments unless otherwise specified.vWherever projected light 'rays are mentioned it is understood to meanrays of either color light or .white light as the case may be.

ln the spaces within the circle 53, between the tertiary and qu'aternaryareas it is preferred to depict'the lsecondary compounds which are theresultants of mixtures of primary and secondary c olors, as can well beunderstood. Thus, in -theiarea'64 between .the tertiary, olive and thelquaternary color dark purple it is preferred to de ict a bluepurplecolor, which is of course isposed between the primary and secondarycolors 1 blue and purple. In the area 65 between the orange; in the area67 between the quaternary and` tertiary colors dark orange and citrineis vdepicted the secondary compound color yellow-orange; in the areav 68between the. tertiary and quaternar colors 'citrine and dark green is-depicte the secondary. compound ycolor yellow-green; l`and in the area69 between the quaternary and tertiary dark green and olive 1s depicteda blue-green secondary compound colo l In the area between the outercircle 37 and the periphery 38 of the/ disc 35 it 1s preferred to placea metrochrome xcolor propor- I' tion-E scale. For the primary! colorsblue., red and yellow the .numerical values A8, 5 vand 3 respectivelyarel placed in said area adjacent the points where the apices of thetriange 36 engage the circle 37. These hues` when blended in theproportions of the metrochrome scale will produce neutralk gray inpigment, acolorless fluid mixture,

vand'whte light in light rays, and when'used in surface areas in thesevalues the colors w111 produce a harmonic color scheme; but these threeprimary colors in their full intensity, are an exception `to the harmonyrule, as they "lare the only three harmonics that are not in perfectharmony. Thisfor` at diametrically opposed points of the starv is alwaysequal to 16. Moreover, the sum of any two diametrically opposed numbersof this metrochrome scale, which are situated midway between the pointsof the sixpointed star is always equal to 32. Further more, themetrochrome scale number of any one of the three secondary colors, suchas orange. green or purple is always the sum of the scale numbers of itstwo primary colors. rllhus, for orange it is the sumof red 5. 4andyellow:T 3, which equals 8, and for the color midway between any twopoints of the six pointed starA it is the :um of the scale numbers foundat those poi nts. As is designated on the charts illustrated in Figures1 and 3 of the drawings the secondary compounds are also represented bytheir respective metronchrome color values; it being preferred toradially extend lines from the areas of they secondary compound colorsto the metrochrome scale; these lines 70, of course, intersecting themetrochrome scale at points midway between the areas of the primaryand'secondary colors from 'which the secondary compounds are derived. asis aptly illustrated in the drawings. v If desired, the tertiary andquaternary colors may also .be vvgiven designated numerical values onthe metrochrome scale, as Well as any intermediary colors. For practicalpurposes, however. it .is thought sufficient to give merely primary.,secondary, and secondary compound colors their metrochrome values, andthe values of the other intermediary colors can readily be ascertainedby interpolation. lt will be well understood by anyone skilled in theart to which this invention relates that the metrochrome valuesdesignate the relative proportions of said colors. Thus, by way ofexample, if it is desired to obtain an orange color of full' intensityit is necessary .to mix five parts of the primary color red, asindicated by themetrochrom'e scale, with three parts of the primarycolor yellow, as also indicated by the metrochrome scale. and which willgive an orange color. If these parts of primary colors representquarts,'there will then be eight quarts of orange coloring or pigment.If it is desired to produce a. red'- orange pigment it is necessary tomix ve parts of the primaryv colorred with the Adesignated eight partsof the secondary color 'ondary compound, colors, have been desigorange,which -willl give thirteen parts of the secondary compound color redorange,

as is designated in the chart.

Referring to Figure 3 of the drawings, wherein the color areas of thecharts are designated by the irst letters of the colors which theyrepresent, it will be noted that certain of the color areas, such as thesec# nated in terms of primary colors, wthexponents attachedto thelletters designating the primary colors which must be multiplied with thenumerical values of theI metrochrome 'scale todetermine the vquantity ofthe product resulting from a combination 30 of said primary colors.Thus, red-orange, a secondary compound color is designated by Rz-Yl. Theexponents of these primary colors arev multipliers for the metrochromevalues of the primary colors. Thus, since red has the scale number 5, Ris 10, and yellow` is 3. therefore the colors R2 Y1 have the metrochromescale number 13 asvshownon the chart. This chart also shows thesub-division of areas outside of the circle 53 into areas 75, see Fig 3,,wherein may be positioned colors graded between the secondary comlpoundcolors and adjacent priymary colors. as indicated by the exponentsused'with the primary colors. From these 95 areas 75 radial lines 76 mayextend to the metrochrome scale, and the metrochrome values of suchcolors may be placed in the area outside of the circle 37 to designatethe value or quantity of such colors depicted in the area 75, and as isillustrated in Figure 3 of the drawings. Thus, in the triangle wto theright of th red area 1 marked R, the

legend Ril-Y1 andthe line running to the figure 18 on the metrochromescale indi- 105 cates that 3parts of the red of primary color intensityis `used with one part of yel: low of primJary color intensity. The 3 ofthe red is the multiplier for the redmetrochromevalue 5. In themetrochrome scale 110.

. colors`and as given designate in; what'pro- 120 portion the colors maybe combined to form .a neutral product'which'-may be depicted in thearea 50.'

Primary colora. 1 26 Blue 'Red Mvetroehrome 8 5 3 Neutral grey in i entor white values. 4 in the metroclii-giiile. 1 30 The foregoing tabledesignates the metro- 'chrome values of all color mixtures, beginningwith the mixturejof the primaries in the ratio of 8-5-8; of blue, redand yellow consecutively, 4and in which proportion these colorscompensate or neutralize each` other equivalently; As shown by thistable the amounts of the primary colors which constitute the secondarycolors are proportionately blue 16red 10-yellow 6. The proportions vof`the primary colors which constitute the tertiaries are blue 32red20-yellow 12. These secondary and tertiary colors reduced in themetrochrome' scale to the primary colors are in the ratio f of theprimary ratio blue 8-red 5yellow of 8-5-3. p

'In this tableit can be seen that the sum 6--equals 16. Therefore, -thesum of any two primary complements will equal 16, bearing in Vmind ofcourse, that complementa colors are diametrically opposed to eac lotheron they chart. A n example of this is that of purple 13 with primaryyellow 3 equals 16. Likewise green 11 with its l complement red -5equals 16, and in similar 'manner orange 8 with its complement blue 8 e`uals 16. Any twocom'plementary colore pigments mixed will produce aneutra grey mixture.

Any two secondary colored pigments when' mixed will produce a'tertiarycolored 1 mixture. Example :-purple having a total metrochrome value ofblue 8 and red 5 which equals 13, added to orange which has ametrochrome value of red 5 and yellow 3 willproducea pigment mixture ofa russet color.

mixe An two tertiary colored pigments when will 'produce a quaternarycolored pigment mixture, andas an example may be given russet with atotal metrochrome value of 21,'a'dded to olive with a total metro-Achrome value of 24 equals the quaternaryl color plum or dark purplehaving a metroj chrome value of 45.

Alll tints of every hue may be produced by adding -lighter hues, or byadding white pigment. All shades of every hue` may be produced b addingdarker hues, or by adding blacl); pigment.

In order to produce a harmonious color scheme it is vitally necessary touse an exact proportion of the primary colors, whose resulting productwill be a neutral grey.

' Thus, it is necessary that in any color scheme, the colors reduced tometrochrome values of .the primary colors will\give` a proportion of theprimary-colors which will produce a neutral grey, namely a pigmentmixture. blended in the ratio of blue S-red -yellow 3; and any multipleof this ratio. Thus, the color charts will ascertain with scientificaccurac 'the correctness of any color scheme, an determine whether thescheme is in fact, harmonic. If we mix two secondary colors, such as'green and purple, their total metrochrome values in primary. colors isequivalent to sixteen parts of bluevfive parts of red, and three lloparts of `ye As this proportion of primary colors is vnot las abovementioned, it will not produce a neutral grey, but will produce an olivecolor, as can be seen from the table above given. However, if we supplythe llacking parts of the red and yellow primary colors, which are 5and3 respecti-vely, the proportion of primary col-` ors will then beblue 16 partsyred 10 parts,

and yellow 6 parts, which is in the proportion-above specified toprovide a neutral The following examples are given to show that colors on diametrically opposed sides of the neutral color area 50 *arecontrasts and complements of eachf other.

If we add' to the blue 16, red\ 5, yellow i 3, which are theconstituents of olive the" red 5, yellow 3, which constitute orange,they amount to blue 16, red 1.0, yellow 6, which constitute the neutralgrey, accordingl'y orange is the contrast and complementary of olive. Soif we add to blue 8, redlO, yellow 3, which are thev constituents ofrusset, the blue 8, yellow 3 of green, we again obtain the blue 16,/red10, yellow 6 of grev; and green is the contrast of russet; and if we addtothe blue 8, red

5,`ye llow 6 of citrine the blue 8, red 5, of purple, we also obtainblue 16, vred 10, yellow 6 of grey; and purple'is the contrast ofcitrine.

Referring further tol a novel and very important feature of thisinvention, it is preferred to provide a scale in connection with thecolor chart, which for practical. purposes may be/referred to asaharmonic scale, and the purpose of which i's to automatically indicatethe colors. which harmonize with any redeterminedv color to produce acompoun color mixture with f scientific accuracy. This harmonic scale istriadically vsub-divided. It is disposedin y concentric relationoutwardly o f the scale containing the metrochrome values, by 'anyapproved construction, several of which will be subsequently described.This harmonic scale 'has three points A85 thereon, which are equidistantabout the annular harmonicscale 80, and which may be represented by zeromark, or by thenumeral 32. This sub-divides the annular scale 80 intothree parts, eac-h of'whichparts may be sub-d1- vided into 'thirty-twoequal spaces. For practical working purposes'the three points 85 are all@chiare necessary to determine' the colors which are harmonicallyrelated to any predetermined color. By way of example, in Figure 3 ofthe drawings, the harmonic scale 80 has been shifted so` that one point85 thereof designates a color area 75 on the, disc 35; this color beingrepresented by the primary color proportions lts-Y2, and the numericalvalue 21 onthe metrochrome scale; said color being produced by mixingparts of red to lsix parts of yellow. These proportions are obtained bytakin the metrochrome values of the red and ye low colors-andmultiplying them by their respective exponents. Thus, the-metrochromevalue of red is -5' and by multiplying it by its exponent 3 we obtain15. In similar manner the metrochrome value of yellow is `3 and bymultiplying it` by its exponent 2 we have 6. As it is now desired tofind the colors to which this .predetermined color is. harmoniouslyrelated,

by following about-the harmonic'scale tol the other points 85, a usercan readily discern` the color areas 75 in which the harmoniouslyrelated colors are depicted. One of these color areas harmoniouslyrelated to the predetermined color, in the terms of primary colors isY3B2, which is the resnltant of a mixture of nine parts of yellow withsixteen of blue, thus giving anumerical value of 25, which is indicatedupon the metrochr'ome scale, as is illustrated in 'Figure 3 ofthedrawings. The other color harmoniously related to the predeterminedvcolor is indicated by thev primary color characters ISL-R2, which is acompound of twentylfour parts of blue with ten parts of red. Theseproportions are obtained similar to the manner above described, by mul-l vhplying the metrochrome value of the respective colors bytheir'respective expo-1 nenls. Thus the metrochronle value of blue is 8and by multiplying it by its exponent 3 we obtain 24 arts of blue.4 Themetrochrome value o it by its exponent 2 the proper proport1on of 10parts of red is obtained,

red is 5 and multiplyingV 80 is contained at the outer exposedcircumferential portion-of the base dise 91. The pin 90 below the basedisc 91 preferably has a flanged portion 92, while at the top of the pin90 an adjustable nut `93 may be positioned; this nut 93 preferablyhaving' the upper surface thereof as depicting the area whichy is toreceive the neutral prod-A uct of harmoniously related colors.

Referring to the structural features of the color -chart'as isillustrated in-Figures 3 and 4, a`base support 100 may be provided,which may be circular in formation, havin a hub structure 101 centrallythereof throu g which a hollow eyelet 102 is provided.

'Upon the top of the hubv 101, the circular disc 35 above described, maybe rotatably' carried by the hollow eyelet 102; a retaining washer 103being held by the hollow eyelet 102 in overlying relation uponthedisc'35,l 'at the area'50 above described. Pivotally mounted about thehu'b structure v101, be'- tween the color disc 35 and the base 100,.

is positioned a disc 105, which is of greateri diameter than the disc35, and which at its outer circumference is provided. with."v an annularraised portion 106, which extends upwardly about the periphery of thecolor disc 35; and has Athereupon the harmonic scale 80 lying lin aplane ush with the plane in which the metrochome scale is positioned.

In addition to the above novel features the colors are so arranged uponthe chart as to bring out the psychological characteristics' thereof,and the relation of these `colors with respect to such psychologicalcharacteristics. As is well known, and has 'been previously mentioned;there are certain colo-rs which seem to advance'toward au observer, andother colors which seem .to recede from an observer. The advancingvcolors "have been depicted upon one half of the face of the colorchart, while the recedin vcolors are depicted upon the opposite hal?.

The reference character Ac, which appears in the area 42 for the primarycolor yellow, designateshe half of the disc in which the advancingcolors are disposed, while diametrically opposed in the area .47designating the secondary color purple, isV disposed the `referencecharacter secondary color orange to designate thatv R, which representsthe half of the disc in which the receding colors are disposed.

`It is also well kno-wn that certain colors appear to be Warm or'hot,while other colors' give cool or 'cold effects. The colors upon thechart have also been arranged in this respect, so that the colors on onehalf of the disc 35 designates hot or warm colors, while the oppositehalf designates cool or cold colors. The reference character Ht has beenplaced inthe color area containing the half of the disc 35 in which thewarm or hot colors appear, while diametrically opposite, in the colorarea 40 in which is disposedl the primary color blue the referencecharacter Cd is disposed, which designates the khalf ot the color disc35l in which the cold or cool colors appear.

The transient colors of retracted light, and also 'light itself, may beregarded as oxides of hydrogen produced by a species of combustionattended by heat, as in the sun?` beam and prismatic spectrum. So alsoarel .in inherent colors of solids and liquids to be regarded upon .thesame analogy as oxides of hydrogen. They are attractive-or repulsive ofhydrogen and oxygen, of either or both of them, orfthey are neutral.Inferior ,degrees` of oxidizement produce such colors as black. blue`green, purple, and higher degrees of oxidizement produce such colors asred, yellQW, orange, white, and so forth.

As an example, atthe base of a flame, in which the vhydrogen abounds,there are vcol- 'ors tending to blue, and towards the apex of the flamewhere it is'more oxygenated the colors run from red into orangeandyellow. yThe oran e colored light bears the greatest amount ofg actualheat, and the blue light the least amount of heat.l Therefore, inpigment colors also the blues are the cool colors and the orange -andyellow the warmest in effect.

lie on the opposite side of this diametered| lino arecold colors.

The improved color chart also indicates at a glance the relation ofcolored shadows to colored light, thus,l by way of example, ifv

an opaque object is` placed in the beam of a yellow light, the sha-dowcast by the yellow light would be purple, which as indicated on thecolor chart 1s diametrically opposed to yellow. This relation for all ofthe colors is true; the color of the shadows which yvill be cast-beingdisposed diametri-v 'cally opposed to the color of the light which "isthrown to `produce the shadow.

been mentioned that the resultant product lof the harmonious colorscheme will be neutral grey, yet' it will be understood by those skilledin the'art, that in connection with the metrochrome, vinstead of aneutral grey, a transparent light will be produced.

ln connection with the use of the harmonie scale, it is understood thatthe user by setting such scale at any hue may readily determineall'other harmonious colors which may be associated with that hue,asthey are indicated by the same triadic number which indicates the hue.

From the foregoing description of this invention it is apparent that thecolor chart, which may be appropriately referred to as a triadic chart,will give to a user scientiically accurate data with respect to relativeproportions of colors, either when used in juxtaposition or in mixturesof pigments and the like. y Such a chart will find uni-- versal use inconnection with various lines o endeavor, such as in architectural,interior and exterior decoration; sign and .commercial art;'floriculture; landscape gardenvm0" window decoration; chromatography;

anl educational instruction. It may also be used in connection with themanufacture,

. design, or selection of pottery work, figure ceramics; mosaics; chinapainting; stage settmgs; costumes, pageant color schemes; paint and dyemanufacturing; dress -making; millinery; apparel; tapestries; fabrics;

wall paper; toys,and the like.

Chroma is that quality of color that enablesone to distinguish abrilliant color from a dull color. In the marginal ring of the chartywherein the 'metrochrome values of the colors are indicated it ispreferred to form segments by radial dividing lines leading from theapices of the va' rious colored areas, such as lines 70 and 7 Oa,

as illustratedl in Figure l ofthe drawings..`

The space at one side of'each of these'divid- 'ing lines is colored ordelineated to designate brilliant chroma and will also designate a tintof vthesarne hue. Thus, as is illustrated in Figure l, the letters B, C,designate brilliant chroma and in the same space T may indicatethevarious tints of the same hue to which brilliant chroma has beenassigned. In the spaces at the opposite sides of these 4dividing lines,it is preferred to color or mark dull chroma or shades of each hue. Dullchroma may be indicated by D, C, and shades by S.

Bil

Complements in brilliant chroma and dull chroma of any hue, as well ascomplements in tints and shades of any hue are found upon the chart inthe same manner as has lbeen described for finding -complements inHarmonics in brilliant and dull chroma of any hue, as well as harmonicsin tints and shades of any hue, are found in the same manner asharmonics in hue, i. e., by setting the chroma, or the tint or shadesubdivision at the harmonic point. v v

Various changes in the shape, size, and arrangement of partsl may bemade to the formsof invention herein' shown and described,uwithoutdeparting Afrom the spirit of the invention or the -scope of the claims.I

l claim: l

.1. In a color chart the combination of colors designated by theirrespective metrochrome values, and arranged so as to indicate theircontrasts, complements, blendings, and chroma; in combination with ascale for selecting harmonic hues.

2. In a color chart the combination of a member having colors designatedthereon by their respective metrochrome values and in such relation asto indicate the contrasts and 'com lements thereof, and av movable scaletria callyl divided to indicate the harmonies of any color.

3. In a color scale the combination of a member having colors indicatedthereon, a scale associated with said colors designating said colorsaccording to their respective measurable unit values based upon theneutralizing proportions of said colors, and a second scale movable withrespect to the first mentioned scale in cooperative `relation withrespect to said colors whereby chromatic equivalents and reciprocalcontrasts of the colors indicated may be secured. Y 4. A color charthavin the colors thereon so arranged or indicate l that neutralizing andcontrasting colors are opposed, and an adjacent scale having numbersthereon contiguousto the colors So as to indicate the chromaticequivalent proportions necessary to produce perfect harmony.

5. A color chart having the colors" thereon so arranged or indicated.that the primary, secondary, tertiary land quaternary colors are shownin triadic relations with their metrochrome scale values.

6. A color chart havin so Aarranged or indicate secondary, tertiary andquaternary colors are shown in triadie relations with their netrochromescale values, and a scale of fi ures graduated with triadic divisions,said divisions being each sub-divided into degrecs of equal parts and soarranged that the scale of metrochrome values may be Ver metrochromescale proportions arranged or the colors thereonv that the primary,`

moved along the adjacent scale of triadic divisions, or vice versa,whereby thereadings when such movement has been effected will expressthe proportions of4 any number and of hues which harmonize.

color scale-having colors and theii indicated thereon so as to enablethe automatic selection of chromatic equivalents, reciprocal contrasts,an'dmelodized colors.

8. A colorv chart having colors and theii metrochrome scale proportionsarranged o1 indicated thereon so as toenable the auto-` matic selectionof chromatic equivalents, reclprocal contrasts, and melodized colors,

and a movable scale of triadic graduationsA sub-divided into a series ofequal divisions whereby a user may select the exact proportions formixing'any number and variety of uce pigment or liquid hues in order topro any number and' variety of hues which harmonize, or to produce anygiven compound color mixture with accuracy.

9. As an article of manufacture a device for indicating the harmonic`colors of any predetermined color, `and a scale for determiningv thecorrect proportions in which the colors should be used to produceharmony.

1.0.' As an article of manufacture a device to determine color schemesand proportions comprising a scale designating the metro.-

chrome proportions of colors, and a triadically sub-divided scalecooperatively disposed with respect to the first mentionedl scale.

11. In a color scale the combination of a member upon which colors areindicated and lhavin a scale associated therewith upon whicl themeasurable unit valuesA of' each color combination 'is indicated', saidvalues being based upon the proportional `value of each indicated color,as containedl in white light, or arranged in such relation as toindicate complementary combinations in their individually neutralizingproportions, and a scale movably associated with said member dividedinto at least three equal divisions, each division beingfurthersubdivided into degrees equal to the common multiple of the ratio 8-5-3of the 'three primary colors, in such manner as to enable the selectionof three or more harmonic colors in neutralizin proportions by settinggiven degrees an color ratios in juxtaposition.

12. A color chart comprising a member having colors arranged thereon andindicated so that mediating colors which subdue Without neutralizin orcontrasting succeed each other'side by s1de, and a pair of scalesmovable with respect to each other, one scale being a scale ofmeasurable unit values of the respective colors indicated and the otherscale being a scale of the three har monic roportlons of the triadicneutralizing va ues Vof all color combinations indi values`thercof"'adjacent to their respective cated upon the color chart. l

13. As an article of manufacture, a color chart having advancing colorsdisposed thereon in opposed respective relation with receding colors,an'd a scale numerically indicating the relative metrochrome values of ithe colors.

tive neutralizin 14. As an article of manufacture, a color chart havinghot colors thereonl disposed. in opposed respective relation with coldcolors, and a scale. numerically indicating. the4 relavalues of thecolors.

15. A color c art comprising a member having colors of the pigmentspectrum depicted. thereon, and means associable with saiid'colors fordetermining their harmonie vrelation and harmonic proportions.

16. A color chart comprising a member having colors of the pigmentspectrumY depicted thereon, and means associable with said colors fordetermining the harmonic relation and relative metrochrome scale `valuesof both pigment and solar colors.y

17. A color chart comprising a disc having the primary colorstriadicallyiarranged thereon, the secondary colors triadicallyarrangedyin alternate relation with `the primary colors, and a scale associablewith the colors -to-numerically determine their proportionate values. v

18. A color chart comprising a disc having the primary colorstriadically arranged thereon, the secondary colors triadically arrangedin alternate relation with their primary colors, and tertiary andquaternary colors arranged in cooperative relation in an area bounded bythe primary and secondary colors in combination with a metrochrome scaleand a triadicall divided harmonic scale, substantiall as escribed.

. 19. A device o the class described com- A rising 'a disc, a triangledisposed onthe isc having primary colors arranged in the apices thereof,a second triangle superposedwith respect to the first mentioned trianglein reverse overl ing relation having the seconda -colors isposed in theapices thereof so t at they are alternately arrangedfwith `the'primarycolors, and tertiary and qua- .metrochrome scale and a triadicallternary` colors arranged on saiddisc in an area between the primaryandsecondary colors in cooperating relation with the primary andy secondarycolors so that contrasting and complementary colors of the vchart arearranged in diametrically opposed re-A escribedA magicalor`combinations, and a scale of metrochrome proportions upon 'said discwith the colors.

21. In a color chart the combination of in alternate relation vWiththeir primary colors, a circle scribed within the overlapping area ofsaidy triangles, and means arranging compounded colorsy in said area solthat they are disposed in contrasting and complementary relation withrespect .to y

'the primary and secondary colors in combination with a metrochromescale sliding upon an adjacent harmonic scale.

.`22 A color chart comprising a substantially circular dischaving asubstantially six pointed star arranged thereon with the primary andsecondary colors in the apices thereof with the primary and secondarycolors in alternate relation, and a substantially st'ar shaped struc--t-ure Within said first mentioned star shaped structure having tertiaryand quaternary colors disposed therein, in cooperating contrasting andcomplementary relation. with respect to each other and with respect tothe primary and secondary colors in combination with a metrochrome scaleadjacent to a triadic harmonic scale, substantialfly as s eciied.

23. color chart comprisinga substantially circular disc having asubstantially six pointed star arranged thereon with the4 tioned starshaped structure having tertiary.

and quaternary colors disposed therein in cooperating contrasting andcomplementary relation with respect to each other and with vrespect tothe primary and secondary colors,

and a scale designating the metrochrome proportions of saidcolors.

24. As anr article ofmanufacture acolor scale including a member withcolors designated thereon arranged in complementary opposed relationwith their respective metrochome scale values indicated so that theyproduct obtained from a mixture of any directly opposed colors inproportion accordin to their indicated scale values will result in aneutralized product. Y

-25.'In a color scale and chart the 'combination of a chart portionhaving a six pointed star inscribed thereon with the apices successivelycolored red-orange yellow-green-blue-and purple, a circular scaleenclosing said six pointed star havparts, and being cooperativelyarranged ing the respective metrochrome value numwith theA chart starand first mentioned scale `10 bers 5-831l813 disposed thereon imwherebyto enable the selection of neutralizmediately adjacent to the colors ofsaid six ing, contrasting, harmonizing, and comple- 5 pointed star, andan external circular scale mentary colors in Atheir metrochrome valuesenclosing first mentioned circular scale and .in each separatecombination.v being sub-divided into three equal parts l A with Ieachpart subdivided into at least 32 JOHN M. GOODWIN.

